Detailed technical articles about network resources, registration processes, and industry best practices.
Every 2027 fee line next to its 2026 value, who pays €94 more and who pays €44 more, the category model that lost by 68 votes, and the 31 December 2026 snapshot behind the January invoice.
Private AS numbers cover labs, data-center fabrics, cloud VPNs and dn42. This page says where the line to a public ASN sits and what an individual needs to get one.
Which ranges and ASN to pick in dn42, how the git registry and ROA filtering work, and what a public ASN requires and costs once you outgrow the lab.
A ROA names the AS allowed to originate your prefix, and networks running route origin validation drop announcements that contradict it. What a ROA holds, where maxLength goes wrong, and who signs yours under our sponsorship.
Where ROAs are created for LIR allocations and for PI blocks, and why a maxLength wider than the prefix hands a hijacker a valid route.
How transit providers and IXPs turn route objects and as-sets into prefix filters, what the RIPE Database checks before it accepts one, and where a ROA fits beside it.
What an ASPA object contains, which leaks it catches, where the IETF drafts stand in September 2026, and how to sign one without breaking your failover paths.
The BYOIP rules of AWS, Azure and Google Cloud side by side (prefix sizes, ROA ASNs, who may apply, lead times), and the two ways to get address space a cloud will accept in the RIPE region.
A transparent, sourced comparison of what sponsoring LIRs charge for RIPE ASN registration in 2026: iFog, Bakker IT, ServPerso, Snapserv, Ipregistry, Via-Registry and others, with setup fees, yearly prices, the RIPE NCC fee and the all-in totals.
What an ASN identifies, how BGP builds the AS_PATH from it, which number ranges are public or private, and when running your own ASN is worth the yearly fee.
The multihoming rule, the documents and the 2026 fees for one ASN at each of the five registries, with the policy section cited for every rule.
Eight kinds of networks that hold a public ASN, with their real AS numbers, what each uses it for, and the cases where a private ASN or dn42 does the job.
Registry fees for one ASN at all five RIRs in 2026, the published 2027 changes at the RIPE NCC and ARIN, and the sponsored price next to direct membership.
The peers, routing policy and documents each RIR expects in an ASN request, with fill-in templates and three worked examples.
Who registers a PA and a PI block, what happens when you change transit or sponsoring LIR, who signs the ROA, and what a /48 costs each way in 2026.
Who can still get IPv4 PI from the RIPE NCC (only IXPs), which rules bind the blocks already registered, and how to keep, transfer or re-sponsor one.
What a /48 holds, when ripe-738 allows a larger PI block or a second /48, why customer space belongs in PA, and what proposal 2024-01 would change.
What to gather before an IPv6 PI request, what the RIPE NCC checks under ripe-863, and which documents you can leave out.
What your sponsoring LIR files, what the RIPE NCC checks, and what you set up once the /48 is yours: a route6 object, a ROA in your own CA and current contact data.
Run-out dates for IANA and the five RIRs, what each registry still hands out, and how buying compares with leasing at August 2026 market prices.
Purchase and lease prices per block size (August 2026), the ARIN and RIPE NCC fees each route adds, and the horizon past which buying beats leasing.
What a leased PA block does for an ISP and what it costs next to RIPE NCC membership, with the cases where a portable IPv6 PI /48 is the better buy.
A clause-by-clause checklist for lessors and lessees, plus what each of the five RIRs says about leased address space, LACNIC's March 2026 rule included.
Who deducts what, when EU VAT is reverse-charged, when US withholding applies, and why ASC 842 and IFRS 16 treat an IP address lease differently.
What the source and the recipient must each prove at the RIPE NCC, ARIN, APNIC and LACNIC, checked against the policy texts in September 2026.
Who files what and when, the documents each registry asks for, the 2026 ARIN fees, and the ROA and reverse DNS clean-up on both sides.
What ARIN checks on the seller, what the RIPE NCC checks on the buyer, which status the block takes (PA, PI or LEGACY) and what the move costs in 2026.
Only the RIPE NCC and ARIN publish transfer clocks, and each covers one step. Here are those figures, the waiting periods every registry enforces, and the delays you can remove before filing.
Each refusal traced to the registry rule behind it, grouped by stage, with the fix per cause and what to check before money changes hands.
What an LIR does, who can become one, what RIPE NCC membership costs in 2026 and 2027, and why one ASN or one PI block needs only a sponsoring LIR.
Every fee a RIPE NCC member pays in 2026 and 2027, what membership gives back (one /24 after the waiting list, IPv6, exam vouchers, a vote) and when a sponsored ASN does the same job for less.
An LIR account buys allocations you can assign to customers; a PI block covers one network for a fraction of the fee. Both priced for 2026 and 2027.
What an LIR administrator handles after joining: Portal users and roles, maintainer authentication since March 2026, one invoice per LIR account, sponsored End Users and the Assisted Registry Check.
The obligations the RIPE NCC enforces on an LIR in 2026, how it checks them, and what happens when an invoice or an abuse contact goes wrong.